Rail Defects Handbook, TMC 226, Engineering manual Track, Ver 1.2, NSW Rail Transport Corporation, Chapter-6 (2012) p 49.Ĭabrera-Marrero J M, Coarreno-Galindo V R, Morales R D, and Chavez-Alcala F, ISIJ Int 38 (1998) 812. Li P, Xian A, Wang Y, Chen R, and Mei D, Acta Metall Sin (Eng) Ser A, 6 (1993) 415.Īgarwal A, and Rai A K, in Rail Steel, Indian Railway Institute of Civil Engineering, Pune (2007), p 26. Mishra N S, Ramaswamy Y, and Mishra S, Sadhana 9 (1986) 345.īold P E, in International Conference on Rail Quality and Maintenance for Modern Railway Operation, Delft, (eds) Frederick C O, Kalker J J, Cannon D F, and Orringer O, Kluwer Academic Publishers (1992) p 397. The final hydrogen levels in steel rails are < 1.6 ppm H, which is safe enough against defects such as shatter crack or Tache Ovales in steel rails. When the bloom is converted to steel rails, the hydrogen level further decreases due to the increased surface area-to-volume ratio. On solidification in continuous casting, the hydrogen level decreases to less than 1.6 ppm H, which is associated with lowering of hydrogen solubility associated phase transformation of molten steel to solid. The steel picks up hydrogen, when transferred to tundish to a value, less than 2.5 ppm, associated with moisture in spray mass and tundish compound. The hydrogen content before secondary steel making varies between 3 and 5.5 ppm H, which decreases to less than 1.5 ppm H after vacuum degassing. The steel making involves primary steel making using energy optimizing furnace, ladle furnace followed by vacuum degassing. In the steel grade VAR89S, the hydrogen distribution has been examined in the hot-rolled steel rails at different locations. The hydrogen distribution in the production of two high-carbon near-eutectoid rail steel grades VAR89S (typically, 0.70%C–0.3%Si–1.1%Mn–0.015%S) and VAR101 (typically, 0.80%C–0.42%Si–1.01%Mn–0.65%Cr–0.005%S) has been examined from the steel making stage to the as-cast blooms. supplies hydrogen-sensitive rail steels blooms for the manufacture of steel rails for Euro-rail application through AFERPI, Lucchini.
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